mercoledì 18 settembre 2013

Adriano Sofri intervista Giorgio Agamben: Un'idea di Giorgio Agamben @ Reporter, 9/10 novembre 1985


Giorgio Agamben è nato a Roma nel 1942. Filologo erudito, non è però venuto a capo del problema dell’origine del suo cognome. Forse l’Armenia, gli ha suggerito una volta Gianfranco Contini. Da ragazzo andava al cinema spesso, anche due volte al giorno. Suo padre era proprietario di sale cinematografiche, sua madre era chimica. In casa c’erano libri, anche qualcuno di filosofia. Al momento dell’università, aveva già predilezioni letterarie e filosofiche spiccate, cosicché si iscrisse a legge, di cui non gli importava nulla. Ottenne almeno di fare la tesi su Simone Weil e la nozione di persona. Aveva letto con profitto il saggio di Mauss sulla persona e la maschera, un piccolo modello di storia delle categorie fondamentali della cultura occidentale. Ma sono ancora prodromi. L’incontro vero con la filosofia avviene nel ’66, a Le Thor, in Provenza. Là vicino viveva René Char e Heidegger quell’estate aveva deciso di andarlo a incontrare. E, per non starsene con le mani in mano, tenne un seminario di un mese nell’albergo del paesino. Agamben era stato avvisato da un allievo di Char, suo amico. Così si unì agli altri partecipanti, cinque in tutto. Aveva ventiquattro anni e qualche buona lettura e il seminario era su Eraclito. Ma più ancora di quello che vi fu detto, Agamben fece tesoro dell’incontro con chi lo diceva e col paesaggio della Provenza.

“Ci sono tornato quest’anno, sapendo che avrei visto un paese reso irriconoscibile dal turismo, e invece ho ritrovato lo stesso albergo, ma completamente abbandonato, invaso dall’erba e con le finestre spalancate, come se fosse rimasto per vent’anni ad aspettarmi. Nel 1968 ci fu, nello stesso posto, un seminario su Hegel. Questa volta eravamo una decina, fra poeti e filosofi. Si faceva vita comune, il seminario all’aperto la mattina, i pasti insieme e lunghe passeggiate in campagna. Il seminario era assolutamente privo di ogni formalità e si fondava sull’attenta lettura dei testi. Heidegger ricordava all’inizio che in un seminario non può esserci altra autorità che la cosa stessa. A volte la lentezza del lavoro seminariale mi spazientiva, e cercavo di rifarmi durante i pasti in comune interrogando Heidegger su tutto quel che mi stava a cuore. Fra i partecipanti c’era anche Jean Beaufret, il destinatario della Lettera sull’umanesimo, un conversatore infaticabile, che Heidegger presentava come “un filosofo francese che non ha la nozione del tempo”. A volte ci spostavamo nella casa di Char a L’isle-sur-Sorgue, dove una volta discutemmo a lungo su una frase di Rimbaud che affascinava Heidegger come un enigma: ‘la poésie ne rythmera plus l’acion, elle sera en avance’.”

Hai avuto dei maestri, dei grandi vecchi amati?
“E’ strano che tu me lo chieda, perché ci pensavo proprio in questi giorni, dopo il ritorno a Le Thor. Heidegger, certo. Ma altrettanto decisivo fu a partire dal 1967 e fino alla sua morte due anni fa, l’incontro con José Bergamin e la Spagna. Certo erano entrambi molto più anziani di me, ma, in particolare nel caso di Bergamin, io li ho sentiti soprattutto come esempi e come amici. Solo dopo la morte ho cominciato a sentirli come maestri. Quello con i morti è un rapporto molto difficile, su cui Kierkegaard ha scritto pagine bellissime. I morti sono insieme gli esseri più impotenti e più potenti, più indifferenti e più amabili. In questo senso, anche quello con Benjamin è stato per me un incontro decisivo, anche se avvenuto soltanto sui libri.”

Quando hai fatto la conoscenza di Benjamin?
“Lo lessi la prima volta negli anni sessanta nell’edizione italiana di Angelus Novus, curata da Renato Solmi. Mi fece subito un’impressione fortissima: per nessun altro autore ho provato un’affinità così inquietante. Mi capitava quel che Benjamin racconta del proprio incontro col ‘Paysan de Paris’ di Aragon, che dopo un istante doveva richiudere il libro per il batticuore. Qualche anno fa a Roma andai a trovare un uomo, Herbert Blumenthal, che era stato in giovinezza intimo amico di Benjamin, negli anni in cui questi era il ‘leader’ del Movimento della gioventù berlinese. Puoi immaginare la mia sorpresa quando Blumenthal, appena cominciammo a parlare, manifestò un rancore incontrollabile per l’amico morto da quasi 40 anni, dicendo che aveva sbagliato tutto, che non aveva voluto seguire i consigli degli amici, che era pienamente responsabile della propria tragica fine. Non mi ci volle molto per sentire bruciare dietro quelle accuse la ferita di un amore straordinario. Blumenthal aveva conservato per 60 anni tutte le lettere di Benjamin, e anche due manoscritti dell’unica stesura esistente. Attraverso di lui, sentivo Benjamin vivo e vicino come se l’avessi davanti ai miei occhi. In seguito ho conosciuto tanti altri che gli erano stati amici, Gershom Scholem, Gisele Freund, Pierre Klossowski, Jean Seltz, ma nessuno mi ha restituito l’impressione che ricevetti da Blumenthal.”

Tu non sei mai diventato accademico, e forse non lo diventerai neanche ora, coi concorsi che tirano. Che cosa hai fatto negli anni dopo la laurea?
“Nel 1965 andai una prima volta a Parigi, con una borsa di studio. Vi tornai nel ’70 per tre anni come lettore di italiano. Poi passai a Londra, forse inseguendo l’ideale nietzschiano del “buon europeo”. Italo Calvino mi aveva presentato Frances Yates, che mi introdusse al Warburg Institute e alla sua meravigliosa biblioteca, dove trascorsi un anno di indimenticabile e accanita ricerca filologica. La biblioteca di Warburg era ordinata secondo quella che egli chiamava la “legge del buon vicino”, per cui chi andava a prendere un libro scopriva che il libro che veramente gli interessava era quello accanto, e così praticamente senza fine, finché non si fosse percorsa tutta la biblioteca. Allora, nel ’74, la voga di Warburg in Italia non era ancora iniziata: quando mi misi a scrivere su di lui, mi accorsi che non c’era altro che il vecchio e bel saggio di Pasquali e un articolo di Carlo Ginzburg sui direttori dell’Istituto. Quando nel ’75 tornai in Italia, l’Università era diventata una corporazione chiusa, che non aveva molto a che fare con la cultura. Concorsi a un incarico, ma mi spiegarono che doveva essere assegnato a una signora del partito comunista. Da allora le cose non sono cambiate.”

E nel ’68?
“Col ’68 non sono stato del tutto a mio agio. In quegli anni io leggevo Hannah Harendt, che i miei amici della sinistra consideravano un autore reazionario, di cui non si poteva assolutamente parlare…”
Un mio saggio sui limiti della violenza, che faceva i conti col pensiero della Arendt, fu rifiutato da una rivista del movimento e dovette uscire su una rivista letteraria. Non ti nascondo che ora, di fronte a celebrazioni e convegni sulla Arendt, provo un certo fastidio, e non per la gelosia di chi si vede sottratto un autore riservato, ma per un senso di ritardo irreparabile, di appuntamento storico mancato. Può succedere in momenti di accelerazione e di rivoluzione, che un libro letto da pochi arrivi per corto circuito ai molti e faccia da detonatore storico. Può non succedere, com’è avvenuto nel ’68 per la Arendt. Ma questa inerzia storica, per cui le ideee si diffondono solo quando è passata l’occasione del loro uso reale e non meramente accademico, è una delle esperienze più umilianti che la storia ci riservi”.

- Parliamo ora del tuo ultimo libro, ‘Idea della prosa’. Da che cosa ti viene la preferenza per una scrittura aforistica?
“Per me la riflessione sulla forma del pensiero è stata sempre centrale e non ho mai creduto che un pensiero responsabile potesse eludere questo problema, come se pensare significasse semplicemente esprimere opinioni più o meno giuste su un certo argomento. Proprio questa centralità della forma fonda la vicinanza di poesia e filosofia. Ho sempre pensato che quel che Nietzsche dice per l’arte, e cioè che non si è artisti se non a patto che ciò che i non artisti chiamano forma diventi l’unico contenuto, fosse altrettanto vero per il pensiero. In quest’ultimo libro, decisivo è appunto il problema della “presa” del pensiero . Per questo ho cercato di resuscitare le risorse di quello che Jolles chiama “forme semplici”: l’apologo, l’aforisma, il racconto breve, l’enigma, la favola. Si tratta di forme che non si propongono tanto di esporre teorie più o meno convincenti, quanto di far compiere un’esperienza, di trar fuori dall’inganno, di risvegliare. Per questo mi affascinano i dossografi, i raccoglitori di aneddoti e di fatterelli apparentemente insignificanti, che rimasticano la memoria sociale fino a ridurla a un cristallo di pura trasmissibilità, in cui è venuta meno ogni distinzione fra cosa da trasmettere e atto della trasmissione. Questi cristalli sono le mattonelle sconnesse nell’impiantito della memoria sociale inciampando nelle quali può accadere allo storico di veder vacillare le proprie categorie temporali. Inoltre mi stava a cuore il problema della brevità, della brachilogia come forma filosofica, quella brevità che Benjamin raccomanda per antifrasi nei suoi “principi per scrivere mattoni”. E anche Platone, nella Settima lettera, un testo su cui lavoro da tempo, dice che nella filosofia è in questione qualcosa di misura così breve, che non puoi in nessun caso dimenticarlo”.- 

Per questo nel libro ti sei proposto di rinunciare alle note?
“Proprio perché la poesia, come la filosofia, è essenzialmente un’esperienza di linguaggio, anzi un’esperienza ‘del’ linguaggio come tale, di ciò che è in questione nell’uomo per il fatto stesso di parlare, il luogo in cui si situa il soggetto che parla dev’essere estremamente chiaro. Le note, le virgolette, il rinvio bibliografico, il “si veda”, rimandano a un soggetto del sapere arroccato come un ventriloquo dietro il soggetto parlante, come se fosse possibile parlare da due luoghi nello stesso tempo. Per questo la prosa accademica corrente è così spesso infelice, divisa com’è fra un’autentica esperienza della parola, che non può avere nulla da dire prima di misurarsi con la parola, e l’arroccamento in una posizione di sapere. E per questo la poesia non ha note (anche se da Montale in poi essa è arrivata a un uso particolare delle note a fine volume, in un senso del tutto diverso)”.- 

Qual’è stato il tuo primo libro?
” ‘L’uomo senza contenuto’, uscito nel ’70 da Rizzoli. L’esigenza di una diversa esperienza dell’arte, al di fuori della sfera tradizionale dell’estetica, era un po’ il filo d’Arianna del libro, che ricostruiva la scissione fra artisti e spettatori e le vicende dell’opera d’arte nel mondo moderno dalla sua secolarizzazione fino al suo autoannientamento. Ma al centro del libro stava una lettura incrociata di Heidegger, di Marx e della Arendt alla ricerca di un nuovo statuto del “fare” e della produzione umana, il cui senso, dopo la sua determinazione moderna come “lavoro”, si è completamente trasformato, anche se manchiamo di categorie adeguate per pensarlo. In questo senso il libro conteneva già tutti i motivi del libro successivo. In un certo senso i miei libri sono in verità un unico libro, che, a sua volta, è solo una specie di prologo a un libro mai scritto e inscrivibile. Proprio in questi giorni le ultime copie dell’ ‘Uomo senza contenuto’ stanno andando al macero. Comunque è anche grazie a questo libro che feci a Parigi la conoscenza di Italo Calvino, che l’aveva letto”.- 

Il secondo libro?
“E’ uscito nel 1977 da Einaudi, col titolo ‘Stanze, la parola e il fantasma nella cultura occidentale’. Era il frutto di un immenso lavoro di ricerca nelle biblioteche di Parigi, di Londra, di Roma, su testi di ogni specie, dai padri della chiesa al catalogo dell’Esposizione universale di Londra. Gran fatica, ma anche gran divertimento. E’ in quegli anni che sono andato più vicino a una pratica filologica in senso stretto, ma è anche in quel periodo che cominciai a misurarne i limiti. C’è, in ogni lavoro filologico originale, un elemento magico (Benjamin ne parla in un carteggio con Adorno). Come ogni autentico filologo sa, la loro compenetrazione è tale che distinguerli diventa a un cero punto impossibile. E questa compenetrazione è il fascino della ricerca, ma anche il rischio che essa contiene. Per questo il filologo che sia andato veramente al fondo della sua pratica ha bisogno della filosofia, deve a un certo punto (l’esperienza di Nietzsche lo insegna) diventare filosofo”.- 

Riprendiamo la storia della tua carriera. Hai lavorato da Einaudi.
“Sì, per qualche tempo, come consulente. Con Calvino e Claudio Rugafiori mettemmo insiema anche il progetto per una rivista, che ho pubblicato in appendice al mio terzo libro, ‘Infanzia e storia’. Era un tentativo di individuare alcune categorie portanti della cultura italiana, per esempio ‘Architettura-vaghezza’, oppure ‘tragedia-commedia’, o ‘filologia-diritto’. Il libro successivo, ‘Il linguaggio e la morte’, uscito da Einaudi nel 1982, era la rielaborazione di un seminario sul luogo della negatività, tenuto con alcuni giovani napoletani laureati in filosofia, tra il 1979 e il 1980. Si partiva dalla definizione dell’uomo come dotato della facoltà di parlare, e di morire. Ci incontravamo a Roma, a Siena, a Capri. Senza lo schermo dell’università, il rapporto di studio comune è meno ambiguamente accademico, più apertamente di amicizia”.- 

Torniamo a Benjamin. Tu ne curi le opere per Einaudi.
“Ne sono usciti 3 volumi, nella collana ‘Letteratura’, in ordine cronologico; ora sta uscendo il quarto, che cronologicamente è l’undicesimo, che comprende l’opera postuma, un immenso corpo di frammenti. Poiché si sa che i ‘Passagen’ erano composti come un ‘montaggio’, si è equivocato, prendendo il materiale accumulato della Forschungweise, la ricerca, come quello della Darstellungweise, la stesura, l’esposizione. E’ molto probabile che il manoscritto maggiore sia andato perduto durante la fuga attraverso i Pirenei. Nell’edizione tedesca, che noi abbiamo almeno in parte dovuto seguire, non si sono distinti i frammenti riguardanti l’opera su Baudelaire”.- 

Tu hai trovato manoscritti importanti di Benjamin a Parigi. Com’è andata?
“Cercavo tracce di Benjamin nella corrispondenza con Bataille, e mi imbattei in una lettera di Bataille a un amico, conservatore alla Biblioteca Nazionale, che lo pregava di recuperare una busta con manoscritti di Benjamin lasciata in deposito durante la guerra. Manoscritti depositati da Bataille erano stati ritirati e consegnati ad Adorno già molto prima della data di quella lettera, che dunque doveva riguardare altri. Chiesi, ma nessuno, neanche il destinatario, ormai pensionato, seppe dirmi niente; solo dopo un mese di ricerche vennero fuori due grosse buste rimaste in deposito privato della moglie di Bataille, dopo la sua morte. Puoi immaginare con che emozione aprii quegli involucri. C’erano alcuni sonetti scritti dopo la morte dell’amico di gioventù e poeta Heinle; e poi una gran mole di testi degli anni Trenta. Ne feci una catalogazione provvisoria: tuttavia la prima pubblicazione spettava, e spetta ancora, per ragioni di diritti, alla Suhrkamp. Non è mancata, nella vicenda della pubblicazione di Benjamin, qualche superflua gelosia nazionale e professorale. Sempre a Parigi, ma in diversa circostanza, ho trovato anche il dattiloscritto originale delle Tesi sulla filosofia della storia”.- 

Qual’è stata la tua formazione classica di filologo?
“Nessuna, accademicamente. Per il latino e il greco, c’è stato un ottimo liceo, e una ripresa più tarda da autodidatta. Ho seguito più organicamente studi di linguistica generale. Benveniste, Meillet”.- 

Abbiamo abbozzato una biografia decisamente cartacea. Qualche fatto nella tua vita ci dev’esser stato. Per restare discretamente a quelli pubblici, hai nel tuo carnet una partecipazione al ‘Vangelo’ di Pasolini.
“Sì, ero l’apostolo Filippo. Avevo conosciuto Pasolini attraverso Elsa Morante…
Lavorare nel film non mi piacque molto. Non ero del tutto convinto di quel Vangelo, della figura del Cristo. E poi quei tempi morti, le attese di ore che sono proprie del cinema, e di quello in particolare, abbastanza disorganizzato”.- 

E’ la seconda volta che parli di un’insofferenza alla lentezza. Eppure non hai l’aria di una persona dai ritmi fulminei…
“Già, del resto il mio motto prediletto è il ‘Festina lente’, pazienza e impazienza insieme. Di qui l’immagine nel controfrontespizio del mio ultimo libro. Anche nel film, poi, Cristo risultava velocissimo”.- 

Tu sei persuaso dell’eccezionalità dell’uomo come animale parlante.
“Sì, però solo in un certo senso. Il linguaggio umano, rispetto a quello degli altri animali, non è interamente iscritto nel codice genetico ed è invece legato a una tradizione esosomatica. Il linguaggio avviene all’infante dall’esterno, storicamente, e se egli non è esposto al linguaggio entro una certa età perde per sempre la possibilità di parlare. Ma per questo il linguaggio anticipa anche sempre il parlante, lo priva per così dire della sua voce (il linguaggio umano non è mai voce, come quello animale) e può diventare la sua prigione in una misura sconosciuta alle specie animali. Ma è anche la sua unica possibilità di libertà. Per riprendere l’immagine di Wittgenstein, l’uomo sta nel linguaggio come una mosca intrappolata nella bottiglia: quel che egli non può vedere è proprio ciò attraverso cui vede il mondo. Tuttavia la filosofia consiste appunto nel tentativo di aiutare la mosca a uscire dalla bottiglia.o almeno, a prenderne coscienza”.- 

C’è un rapporto fra questa ricerca sul linguaggio e la politica?
“Un rapporto fortissimo: il linguaggio è il comune che lega gli uomini. Se questo comune è concepito come un presupposto, diventa qualcosa di irreale e di inattingibile, di cui il singolo non può mai venire a capo, che lo si concepisca come nazione, come lingua o come razza. Qualcosa, cioè, che è gia ‘stato’ e, come tale, può solo esistere nella forma di uno Stato. L’unica esperienza politica autentica sarebbe invece quella di una comunità senza presupposti, che non può mai decadere in uno stato. Non è facile pensarla, ma si può pensare, per certi aspetti, alla comunità cristiana primitica, che solo dopo circa due secoli, quando si rese conto del ritardo ormai irremediabile della ‘parousia’, creò il canone neotestamentario come un “deposito” da trasmettere. Le tradizioni funzionano sempre come presupposizione di ciò che viene tramandato. Veramente umano e fecondo sarebbe invece venire a capo di questo presupposto”.

(“Reporter – “Fine secolo”, sabato 9/domenica 10 novembre 1985, pp. 32-33) 

Marshall Berman (1940-2013) @ Verso / The Nation / Tablet


@ Verso website:

Political theorist, professor, and Verso author Marshall Berman passed away on 11 September 2013 at the age of 72.  

A life long New Yorker and analytical and humanist Marxist, Berman was heavily critical of the destructive effects of modernity on New York City's urban landscape.  Yet, he remained hopeful that the conditions of modernity created possibilities for creative everyday resistance.  

Berman famously articulated this optimism in his response to Perry Anderson's review of All That is Solid Melts into Air:
I think it’s an occupational hazard for intellectuals, regardless of their politics, to lose touch with the stuff and flow of everyday life. But this is a special problem for intellectuals on the Left, because we, among all political movements, take special pride in noticing people, respecting them, listening to their voices, caring about their needs, bringing them together, fighting for their freedom and happiness. (This is how we differ—or try to differ—from the world’s assorted ruling classes and their ideologues, who treat the people they rule as animals or machines or numbers or pieces on a chessboard, or who ignore their existence completely, or who dominate them all by playing them against each other, teaching them that they can be free and happy only at each other’s expense.) Intellectuals can make a special contribution to this ongoing project. If our years of study have taught us anything, we should be able to reach out further, to look and listen more closely, to see and feel beneath surfaces, to make comparisons over a wider range of space and time, to grasp hidden patterns and forces and connections, in order to show people who look and speak and think and feel differently from each other—who are oblivious to each other, or fearful of each other—that they have more in common than they think. We can contribute visions and ideas that will give people a shock of recognition, recognition of themselves and each other, that will bring their lives together. That is what we can do for solidarity and class-consciousness. But we can’t do it, we can’t generate ideas that will bind people’s lives together, if we lose contact with what those lives are like. Unless we know how to recognize people, as they look and feel and experience the world, we’ll never be able to help them recognize themselves or change the world. Reading Capital won’t help us if we don’t also know how to read the signs in the street.
 
Berman was also featured in New York: A Documentary Film by Ric Burns in a compelling segment that applied his thinking on modern destruction and creative possibility to hip hop culture and graffiti in the South Bronx:


Corey Robin, Berman's colleague at the CUNY Graduate Center, paid tribute to Berman by saying: 
Marshall was our Manhattan Socrates: not the arch dialectician but the philosopher in and of the street, not the aggressive asker of questions but the ambler in the boulevard, the man who seeks wisdom in the agora, in the conversation of Times Square, the walker in the city, the man who died among friends. 

Berman's family asks that contributions in his honor go to Dissent magazine, where he served as a long time contributor and editorial board member.



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Michael Sorkin @ The Nation website

Marshall Berman 1940–2013

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Todd Gitlin @ Tabletmag : Marshall Berman, Marxist Humanist Mensch


The cover of his 1999 essay collection, Adventures in Marxism, containing twenty years of his essays, depicted a cartoon of the full-bearded Marx, stubby arms flailing, one hand in a fist, the other, waving, in a mid-jamboree dance step like some sort of hybrid of hora andkazatzka. Change the face from Karl Marx’s to Marshall Berman’s (as bushy-bearded as big-craniumed as Karl’s, but warmer-eyed) and you’d have a logo for the collected works of Berman, bear-like sage of the Upper West Side, who was often found on the street wearing a T-shirt bearing the visage of Marx or Nietzsche, and who could explain to you with great flair why you were mistaken if you thought those two 19th-century guys were not a dynamic duo.
Characteristically, Marshall introduced those twenty years of essays on Marx with a story about his father, who made his living in various garment industry jobs, then wrote and sold ads at Women’s Wear Daily, which led him into a failed magazine start-up from which his partner took the money and ran. This story led to a riff on the brutality of cutthroat capitalism. The personal was political. From there, he hastened to Marx, but not Marx the prophet of surplus value and the expropriation of the expropriators; rather the Marx who was “part of a great cultural tradition, a comrade of modern masters like Keats, Dickens, George Eliot, Dostoyevsky, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, D. H. Lawrence (readers are free to fill in their personal favorites) in his feeling for the suffering modern man on the rack.” Leave it to Marshall Berman to swing from the garment district (where the rack was literal) to Marx’sEconomic-Philosophical Essays of 1844 (where he rightly celebrates Marx’s “feeling for the individual”) in fewer pages than it would have taken Marx to amass factory inspector reports or to clear his throat going after Hegel hammer and tongs.
What Marshall will likely be most remembered for—and deservedly—was his visionary 1982 book All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. This was truly a revelation, an evocation and sometimes a prose-poem with footnotes. Here he embraced Marx as a prophet—guided not so much by Old Testament wrath as by the idea (written by Marx and his pal Friedrich Engels at a peak revolutionary moment) that what might just be heaving into sight would be “an association in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.” This Marx, to him, was “one of the first and greatest of modernists.” By modernism he meant “any attempt by modern men and women to become subjects as well as objects of modernization, to get a grip on the modern world and make themselves at home in it.” But in All That Is Solid, despite the title beautifully lifted from The Communist Manifesto, Marshall was not so much heralding a visionary future as celebrating, and worrying about, the possibilities of the present. “To be modern,” he wrote, “is to experience personal and social life as a maelstrom … To be a modernist is to make oneself somehow at home in the maelstrom, to make its rhythms one’s own, to move within its currents in search of the forms of reality of beauty, of freedom, of justice, that its fervid and perilous flow allows.”
The saga of All That is Solid concerned a lot more than theory—it concerned taking seriously the whole onrush of modern life. It was, in a way, a self-help book to end all self-help books—a book that said that you’re not alone in knowing you need help to place yourself in a swarming, self-undermining, change-crazy world. He began with Goethe’s Faust, emphasizing the usually neglected Part II, where the eponymous hero-villain transmogrifies into a ruthless real-estate developer, a personification of “the tragedy of development” and an anticipation of Stalin, Le Corbusier, and the hometown urban wrecker Robert Moses, whose gash of a Cross Bronx Expressway sliced through the Berman family’s original neighborhood in the South Bronx. It was in his ability to move through levels that the book was a life-changer, for me and many others. He imagined an eight-mile-long mural that might, in some glowing future, be painted onto the walls of the Cross Bronx, He always knew that, even in a poisoned world there was still, and always, a same old story to be told, of “a fight for love and glory,” when In the closing chapters of All That Is Solid, he swept triumphantly into the present with tributes to Jane Jacobs, Spalding Gray, and graffiti artists without number or, often enough, public names. Later he welcomed Cyndi Lauper, Queen Latifah, and the Beastie Boys into his personal pantheon. He called Times Square a place where “Cubism is realism.” He proclaimed “the right to the city” and “the right to be part of the city spectacle.” He was a one-man jazz band.
Get your eyes down from the skyscrapers (whether of steel or of “theory”), he was always saying, and look down at the street, which is not only a place where the traffic passes but a place where the city, that great human invention, lives. For years, we would get together to talk about life, love, the Sixties, the endless post-Sixties, Dissent, and what was wrong with postmodernism, but often enough the first thing he wanted to talk about was a down-on-his-luck (or down-on-capitalism) cabbie he’d just met who needed some money quick for some worthy purpose—refusing, like his father, to believe that he might be getting hustled, like his father.
His first book was called The Politics of Authenticity: Radical Individualism and the Emergence of Modern Society, in which the streets and thoughts of 18th-century French-speaking Europe were the incubators of “festivals of democracy” as imagined or anticipated by Montesquieu and Rousseau. “Whoever you are or want to be,” he wrote at the end of that book, paraphrasing Trotsky, “you may not be interested in politics, but politics is interested in you.” Sometimes his “authenticity” could be blunt, sentimental, and even, on rare occasions, unforgiving. He could be kinder to grandparents or great-grandparents than to parental types. In 1975, in a harsh, awkwardly “balanced” front-page New York Times Book Review, he accused Erik Erikson of acting in bad faith, hiding in a closet, by effacing his Jewish identity. He could be tough on other people’s sentimentality, and equally on snobbery: When Susan Sontag once told him she would have had a better life if she had been born into medieval Europe, where an intellectual could get proper respect, he reminded her that things were not then so great for women.
“Marxist humanism” was sometimes his label of choice, but he was not much into labels, feeling no qualms about recruiting his Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud into some discordance if not concordance. He wanted “a synthesis of the culture of the Fifties with that of the Sixties: a feeling for complexity, irony, and paradox, combined with a desire for breakthrough and ecstasy; a fusion of ‘Seven Types of Ambiguity’ and ‘We Want the World and We Want it Now.’” That was a lot to ask and no one could sustain these tensions beyond their breaking points.
He mellowed, ripened, and kept going to demonstrations. He was primed to know that modernity was no picnic, and so, with immense stamina, he was able to outlive personal tragedy (he lost his first son at age 5) and a Jobian sequence of ailments, to father and help raise two boys to manhood. In later work, as when he came to write On the Town, about Times Square, he mostly refused to let distaste for 21st-century Disneyfication drown him in nostalgia, though he could bend over backwards toward populist enthusiasm for any sign of insurgent life anywhere, however obscure. He liked to say that the great New York experience—in fact, the great achievement of New York art—was the street, which always remained busy with self-creation. He “hurled little streets upon the great,” as Yeats wrote of his beloved revolutionary Maud Gonne. When, in 1987, he lectured on All That Is Solid in Brazil, he made front pages when he attacked the country’s supermodernist architect and disciple of the street-hating Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer. But in a 1988 preface, he could even find understanding words for Niemeyer.
He died of an out-of-the-blue heart attack in one of his favorite schmoozing sites, the West Side’s Metro. Metro. He was a true metropolitan. All that was solid in his heart and mind refuses to melt into air.

Marshall Berman on The Communist Manifesto @ The Nation (1998)

lunedì 16 settembre 2013

The New Spirit of Capitalism by Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello @ Verso Books, Uk, September 2007


The New Spirit of Capitalism by Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello 
@ Verso Books, Uk, September 2007
A major new work examining network-based organizations and post-Fordist work structures.
Why is the critique of capitalism so ineffective today? In this major work, the sociologists Eve Chiapello and Luc Boltanski suggest that we should be addressing the crisis of anticapitalist critique by exploring its very roots. 

Via an unprecedented analysis of management texts which influenced the thinking of employers and contributed to reorganization of companies over the last decades, the authors trace the contours of a new spirit of capitalism. From the middle of the 1970s onwards, capitalism abandoned the hierarchical Fordist work structure and developed a new network-based form of organization which was founded on employee initiative and relative work autonomy, but at the cost of material and psychological security. 

This new spirit of capitalism triumphed thanks to a remarkable recuperation of the “artistic critique”—that which, after May 1968, attacked the alienation of everyday life by capitalism and bureaucracy. At the same time, the “social critique” was disarmed by the appearance of neocapitalism and remained fixated on the old schemas of hierarchical production. 

This book, remarkable for its scope and ambition, seeks to lay the basis for a revival of these two complementary critiques.

sabato 14 settembre 2013

Jussi Parikka's interview on Crowd, Power and Post-Democracy in the 21st Century


Jussi Parikka's interview on digital populism and recent European political phenomena, held on 21st May 2013. The next interview with Saul Newman will be published Saturday 21st September 2013.


 EDIT: We collected Parikka's interview in one PDF file that you can download or read online. All interviews on digital populism - in English language - are collected into a single file HERE. The e.book that collects all the interviews is titled  "Nascita del populismo digitale. Masse, potere e postdemocrazia nel XXI secolo" (italian language) is available for free download HERE

Crowd, Power and Post-democracy in the 21st Century

'Rural
fascism and city or neighborhood fascism, youth fascism and war veteran's fascism... fascism of the couple, family, school, and office. Only the micro-fascism can answer the global question: "why does desire long for its repression? how can it desires its very own repression?"'
— Gilles Deleuze, Fèlix Guattari, A thousand plateaus, pg.271
    On the micro-fascism
    OC Let us start from the analysis Wu Ming set out in their brief essay Grillismo: Yet another right-wing cult coming from Italy and which interprets Grillo’s Five Star Movement as a new authoritarian right-wing faction. Why did the desire for change of much of the electorate long once again for its very repression? We seem to witness the re-affirmation of Wilhelm Reich’s thought: at a given moment in history the masses wanted fascism. The masses have not been deceived: they have understood very well the danger of authoritarianism; but they have voted it anyway. Even more worrying is that the authoritarian Berlusconi's Freedom People (PDL) and Grillo’s Five Star Movement (M5S) conquer more than half of the Italian electorate together. A very similar situation arose in the UK in May 2013, with the UKIP’s exploit in the latest local elections. Why and in what measure are the toxins of authoritarianism and micro-fascism present in contemporary European society?
JP I think you already describe the situation partly in your question: gradually over the past couple of years we have seen a range of odd fluctuations across Europe. The recent surge in popularity of the right wing UKIP in the UK was preceded by the short feeling of power by the liberal party pulled to the government by the Conservatives. UK politics has long time suffered from a severe feeling of stagnancy of the bi-polar system, so a lot of these fluctuations can be explained by people trying out, experimenting, sometimes in very unfortunate ways. But on a more structural, Europe-wide level the authoritarian parties of fear have taken a too strong grip already. They range from the miserable situation in Hungary which has been neglected probably because of the South European crisis, but whose fascist policies are among the most scary in Europe to the “Finns” party in Finland whose protest party position might even stabilize. And it’s not only the parties which express this weird mood of micro-fascism: for instance in various countries, and again not least in Finland, there are pockets of groups aggressively campaigning against feminism, for “men’s rights” and in general, a return to such gender and sexual politics that I see as scary as the racist powers emerging. 

Hence, there is a need for an analysis of affect in the midst of the economic crisis. We should take seriously the ideas of Gabriel Tarde concerning the affective constitution of economics, and consider in what ways are these different destructive affects mobilized, which relate to our sense of the social (the pathology of we-ness through its exclusive qualities, the Schmittian condition that persists) and its variations across our capacities for cognitive and affective evaluation of the crisis.

For the social democrat left in Europe it is a matter of coming up with a convincing narrative and task in the post-industrial mode of production. They have failed , despite such attempts as the creative industries New Labour. Instead, they have been branded more or less as advocates of a flimsy “globalization” which either bears the risk of meaning nothing or supporting the exploitation of workers and ecological resources on a global scale. They have been rather without solutions to the debt crisis, and incapable of resisting to the emergence of new nationalisms. Hollande’s vision for France is having major hiccups, which reflects as part of the general mood across Europe. What the conservative right is afraid of is losing votes to the extreme forces, and hence they are equipping themselves towards that pool of voters.
      1919, 1933, 2013. On the crisis
      OC In 2008 Slavoj Zizek said that when the normal run of things is traumatically interrupted, the field is open for a ‘discursive’ ideological competition. In Germany in the early 1930s Hitler won the competition to determine which narrative would explain the reasons for the crisis of the Weimar Republic — the Jewish conspiracy and the corruption of political parties. Zizek ends his reflection by stating that the expectations of the radical left to get scope for action and gain consent may be deceptive as populist or racist formations will prevail: the Greek Golden Dawn, the Hungarian Fidesz, the French Front National, the UK Independence Party are examples. Italy has had farcical groups such as the Lega Nord or the recent Five Star Movement, a bizarre rassemblement that seems to combine Reverend Jones People's Temple with Syriza, or ‘revolutionary boyscoutism’ with the disciplinarism of the societies of control. How can one escape the crisis? What discursive, possibly-winning narratives should be developed? Are the typically Anglo-Saxon neo-Keynesian politics an answer or, on the countrary, is it the new authoritarian populism that will prevail?

JP We need to be able to even evaluate and consider what is the crisis. First question would be: is there a traumatic interruption, or actually is this the trauma that has consistently persisted? In other words, does our political evaluation of the situation start from an assumption of establishment of new sovereign powers of interruption in which the crisis expresses itself, and reaches out to new political powers of destructive kind emerging – or whether there is a low level background hum that characterises this crisis?

In what sense do we need to be able to evaluate the various but coalescing temporal levels of this crisis? Partly this might have to do with the cynical international politics sparked off by post 9/11 which we can perceive across various social scales: securitization of the street level to international operations of war and new technologies such as drones. But as much we need to be aware of the low level hum: not only opposing things like the drones or our government participation and deployment of such killing machines at a distance – but the more systematic violence through lack of water, food and for instance the ecological problems.

It relates to the slow sedimentation of new procedures of technologised security entangled with particular economic, financial measures: the double face of violence that has attacked us the past 10-15 years, from the violence of the military and the police to the violence of economic austerity, which indirectly links to massive amount of physical and mental casualties. I am not sure if we should just focus on the emergence of right wing parties and their popularity, but the push and pull of the established powers who have been instrumental in establishment of the certain grim military-economic situation we are in, as well as the willingness of those established powers to give way to the extreme movements. It seems that the Tories in the UK have no problems in now taking UKIP seriously as one political party among others, it seems that the ‘True Finns” populist voices are becoming embedded as the normal state of things in Finland, and similarly, the other examples are becoming normalised. It is the normal we should be worried about!

But it is not about escaping the crisis, but engaging with it. As mentioned above, we need to understand the various links between mobilisation of affects with the current financial schemes and the crisis, as well as the wider public sector crisis. The universities are less and less available as the places where we come up with the analysis and cognitive  as well as affective coordination of powers of resistance. The management of the corporate universities are willing to spend less and less on such disciplines where this work happens. Instead, universities are becoming increasingly places of management and business studies and watered down creative hubs. Academics turn into entrepreneurs and managers of their own careers. This does not mean that we are raising our hands, but just that we need to be able to think what are the forums where to develop our own, positive crisis. 

Indeed, I agree with a range of voices that for instance Rosi Braidotti summons in her new book The Posthuman (Polity, 2013). She reminds of the postcolonial and feminist theorists who continue to insist the possibility of thinking Europe in terms of difference: not the project of fortress Europe but one of transnational flows, migrancy, hybrid identities in language, sexuality and other modalities of subjectivity. We should not forget this legacy and remember what multiplicity there lies in a different sort of Europe already existing now too. Just take a normal bus in London, down from Archway towards Kings Cross, look at the people around you, and you know what I mean.

      On the missing people
      OC Mario Tronti states that ‘there is populism because there is no people.’ That of the people is an enduring theme which Tronti disclaims in a very Italian way: ‘the great political forces use to stand firmly on the popular components of the social history: the Catholic populism, the socialist tradition, the diversity in communism. Since there was the people, there was no populism.’ Paul Klee often complained that even in historical artistic avant-gardes ‘it was people who were lacking.’ However the radical critique to populism has led to important results: the birth of a mature democracy in America; the rise of the theory and the practice of revolution in the Tsarist Empire, a country plagued by the contradictions of a capitalist development in an underdeveloped territory (Lenin and bolshevism). Tronti carries on in his tranchant analysis of the Italian and European backgrounds: ‘In today's populism, there is no people and there is no prince. It is necessary to beat populism because it obscures the relations of power.’ Through its economic-mediatic-judicial apparatuses, neopopulism constantly shapes “trust-worthy people” similar to the "customers portfolio" of the branded world of neoliberal economy: Berlusconi’s “people” have been following the deeds of Arcore’s Sultan for twenty years; Grillo’s followers are adopting similar all-encompassing identifying processes, giving birth to the more confused impulses of the Italian social strata. With institutional fragility, fluctuating sovereignties and the oblivion of left-wing dogmas (class, status, conflict, solidarity, equality) how can we form people today? Is it possible to reinvent an anti-authoritarian people? Is it only the people or also politics itself that is lacking?
JP It is one thing to ask if what we mean by politics is somewhat inadequate than to claim that there is no politics. People’s frustration with political parties whether in the US or for instance Europe is nothing new. But that does not mean that politics would have disappeared, or more accurately: we need to be aware of the range of practices that are not necessarily “politics” but rather significant for a range of measures, also for summoning a “people to come”. So yes, beyond the focus of representational politics or even identity politics there are a lot of groupings, which bring people together and formulate such communities in formation. It comes often in bursts, and not all of it is perhaps “productive” from the perspective of established politics. For instance UK has had a fair range of events the past years, from student demonstrations to the riots in 2011. There might not be an overarching explanation of what they “meant” politically but we need to understand what happens on the ground, on affective levels, on levels what Tarde would call imitational, and what produces attachments and detachments. 

We definitely need more anti-authoritarian attachments that bring a different set of alliances as part of our reality. What is interesting is that also the established parties, like the Tories, tried to reinvent the citizenship power with their rhetorics of empowerment from below: the big society. Such cynical appropriations are reflecting some of the ideas we find politically progressive like local organization. 

Otherwise, I don’t think we should restrict ourselves with the language of “lack” like there would be an ideal sense of the political waiting for us to fulfill it. I think we need an ethical stance to the questions at hand, but also what recognizes the difficulties of everyday life. That stance steers clear of moralism and tries to cultivate new possibilities and ways of living. At the moment, we are going against a wall, too fast, on so many fronts from everyday life in Europe to the ecological implications of current modes of production and consumption. It will be around a range of questions on that axis that our new alliances are getting born. 

I am not sure if I am happy to discard questions of class – or for instance the possibilities of solidarity – as left-wing dogma. There is much more to be said and understood relating to the political economy of contemporary capitalism, and a lot of which testifies to persistence of class positions even if not always in traditional ways.
      On Control
      OC In Postscript on the Societies of Control, published in 1990, Gilles Deleuze states that, thanks to the illuminating analyses of Michel Foucault, a new diagnosis of contemporary Western society has emerged. Deleuze's analysis is as follows: control societies have replaced disciplinary societies at the beginning of the twentieth century. He writes that ‘marketing is now the instrument of social control and it forms the impudent breed of our masters.’ Let us evaluate who stands beyond two very successful electoral adventures such as Forza Italia (Berlusconi’s first party) and M5S: respectively Publitalia 80 owned by Marcello Dell'Utri, and Casaleggio Asssociati owned by Gianroberto Casaleggio. The incontrovertible fact that two marketing companies stand behind these political projects reinforces Deleuze’s analysis. Mechanisms of control, media events such as exit polls and infinite surveys, im/penetrable databases, data as commodities, continuous spin doctoring, influencers that lead consensus on the net, opaque bots, digital squads, dominant echo-chambering. Evil media. These are the determinations of post-ideological (post-democratic?) neoliberalism. The misery of the new control techniques competes only with that of the glass house of transparency (web-control, of course). Jacques Ranciere says we live in the epoch of post- politics: how can we get out of the neo-liberal cage and free ourselves from the ideological consensus of its electoral products? What will the reconfiguration of left-wing politics be after the exhaustion of Marxist hegemony?

JP I think there are several different questions there, and I will focus only on the question of control. For me, the relevancy of Deleuze’s short text is in how it points a move from exclusively architectures of human bodies (Foucauldian analysis of discipline) to the modulation and control of nonhuman bodies too: for instance algorithms and circuits.  Marketing is of course one form of governance of bodies, and circuiting them not only on architectural, external behavioral ways but on affective and cerebral too. Marketing creates milieus of behavior and feeling that are also affective. Such are however not completely new in terms of politics, but more of a phenomenon of 20th century: polls and advertising, moods and crowd management on affective levels are what characterizes the emergence of mediatic states of politics-becoming-marketing.
      On the Googlization of politics; the financial side of digi-populism
      OC The first decade of the 21st century has been characterized by the rise of neo-capitalism, referred to as cognitive; in this context a company like Google has established itself as the perfect synthesis of web-business as it does not compensate, if not in a small part, the content-carriers it lists. In Italy, following the electoral success of the Five Star Movement we witnessed a mutation of the typical prosumer of social networks: the new figure of the “prosumer-voter” was in fact born on Grillo’s blog - being essentially the one and only channel of information of the movement. The blog is a commercial activity and the high number of contacts and daily access has steadily increased in the last year. This digital militancy produces incomes both in the form of advertising and online sales of products such as DVDs, books and other material associated with the movement. All of this leads to the risk of googlization of politics whereby the modes of financing political activity radically change because of the "network surplus-value" - an expression coined by the researcher Matteo Pasquinelli to define that portion of incomes extracted from the practices of the web prosumers. Having said this, are we about to witness a shift of the financial paradigm applied to politics? Will the fundings from powerful lobbies or the general public be replaced by micro-donations via web (in the style of Obama’s) and by the exploitation of the prosumer-voters? And if so, will the dominant 'googlization of politics' involve any particular risks?

JP The reason why Obama was able to mobilize such a broad “grassroot level” system was of course linked to the existence of already political structures. It was not just invented from nothing, like a political miracle. Of course, there is much there that made the case interesting but as a reform of politics, it fails.  I think Evgeni Morozov points out in his new book good arguments about the phenomenon of crowdsourced politics as well as funding, and its problems: that it does not automatically mean any better governmental policies but even at times the risk of focus on rather secondary matters in a world which needs issues like the Middle Eastern crisis, the ecological crisis and the debt crisis to be solved! Morozov’s case studies range from the U.S. to the European Pirate Parties, especially the Germany case, and the failure to live up to any more sustained goals.

On another front we need to remember Jodi Dean’s analysis of the communicative capitalism. The conflation of democratic ideals with the rhetorics of new technological platforms from Google to Facebook is a tempting prospect that for sure is on the advertising agenda of Silicon Valley companies. However, it also leads into a weird economic arrangement as well as dependency on those proprietary platforms. Freedom, communication and the intelligence of the crowds – direct democracy – are such lovely aims that no-one expect a horrible dictator would dare to object but at the same time the actual technologies and techniques that sustain those ideals are more complex. 

Prosumer-voters hints of what is the issue: there is still a reference to the consumerist aspect of it, where politics is perhaps one form of online shopping. There is a lot of work in creating, sustaining and driving topics on the public agenda of politics and this is where the aspects of labour invested should be counted. In terms of finance, crowdfunding does not remove the fact that lobbying power remains with certain key stakeholders, as well as the biggest purses.

      On digital populism, on affective capitalism
      OC James Ballard once said that after the religions of the Book we should expect those of the Web. Some claim that, in fact, a first techno-religion already exists in the form of Affective Capitalism whose technological and communicative characteristics mirror those of network cultures. This notion of a secularized cult can be traced back to Walter Benjamin's thought but is enriched by a very contemporary mix of affective manipulation techniques, politics of neo-liberalism and political practices 2.0. The rise of the Five Stars Movement is the first successful example of italian digital populism; Obama’s campaign in the U.S.A. has witnessed an evolution of micro-targeting techniques - customized political offers via the web. The new frontier of both medical and economic research is producing a disturbing convergence of evolving ‘fields of knowledges’: control theories, neuro-economics and neuro-marketing. In 1976, in the optic of the ‘war-repression’ schema, Foucault entitled his course at the Collège de France ‘Society must be defended’. Now, faced with the general friability of all of us, how can we defend ourselves from the impact of affective capitalism and its digital practices? Can we put forward a differential, local knowledge which, as Foucault said, ‘owes its force only to the harshness with which it is opposed by everything surrounding it’?

JP I don’t know if this is a case of rescue – there won’t be a god or a cybernetic apparatus to rescue us. It is more about intelligent, historical and productive analyses of the situations in which our cognitive and affective capacities are constantly being harnessed as part of value creation, militaristic politics and policies of self-mutilation, like austerity. Affective capitalism is not so much an entity to be resisted, as it is an apparatus of capture, as Deleuze and Guattari defined it. Indeed, it is in this sense a logic of power, or an abstract machine, for cultivation and capture of affective worlds. This does not mean the need to retract from affects, but cultivate more of them: joyous affects, as the Deleuzian Spinozists often call them! 

One of the central questions for network activism seems to be this one about engagement and affect: do we refrain from involvement in such spheres of communicative capitalism, or do we engage head on, immanently on the level of subject topics, platforms, and exactly the mechanisms where capture happens? Does one leave Facebook or build resistance and a voice inside it? Either way, we have to engage with questions of affect and communication, but also of the non-semiotic regimes of communication: algorithms. Such platforms are never merely about the level of our everyday engagement but create the second level of data on which it does not matter if your message is anti-capitalist or just celebration of friend’s hipster photographs that were Instagrammed. 

In other words, we need to continue the notion of “affect” beyond human bodies to that of other sorts of relations that sustain the modes of posthuman subjectivity. I am here again thinking with Braidotti: that the current modes of subjectivity need to be understood as crossroads between a variety of forces human and non-human, of planetary dimensions including ecology and geology, but also the algorithmic and other sorts of affordances for the digital me. Any analysis of cognitive capitalism has to get specific about the technologies and techniques where exploitation happens: not only the street, but the algorithmic too.



Jussi Parikka
, Finnish, is Reader in Media & Design at University of Southampton and is a well-known theorist of New Media at an international level. He is Adjunct Professor of Digital Culture Theory at University of Turku in Finland. Among his recent publications are: 'What is Media Archaeology?' (Polity: Cambridge, 2012); 'Insect Media: An Archaeology of Animals and Technology' (University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, 2010) Posthumanities-series, 'Digital Contagions. A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses' (Peter Lang: New York, 2007); and (with Erkki Huhtamo) 'Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications' (University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2011). He blogs at jussiparikka.net

Painting: Stelios Faitakis

venerdì 13 settembre 2013

Alfabeta2 n.32 / Settembre-ottobre 2013







cover-n32-150x150
Maurizio Ferraris Per una sinistra cosmopolita
Franco Berardi Bifo La rivolta che non crede nel futuro
Augusto Illuminati Distrazioni di massa
Michele Emmer Si investe nella scienza, in Trentino
Ornella Tajani Sul rischio manicheo di certe Ztl
Maurizio Lazzarato Lessico dell’uomo indebitato
 ILVA, L’ACCIAIO CHE UCCIDE
Parlano gli operai
Conversazione di Christian Caliandro
Alessandro Leogrande Il groviglio, le scelte
È possibile modificare la fabbrica?
Leonardo Palmisano Dal tramonto all’alba Dalla fabbrica alla città
Cristò Il sapore dell’acciaio sporco
 EDITORIA INDYEUROPEA
Ilaria Bussoni Libri a qualunque costo
Per una critica al mass-market editoriale
Collettivo 451 La querelle dei moderni e dei moderni
Rimettere in discussione il modo in cui lavoriamo
Alfonso Serrano Per farla finita con le briciole
I cento fiori dell’editoria spagnola
 SCUOLA DIGITALE
Giuseppe Dino Baldi Il tempo delle scelte
La didattica e i feudatari del web
 EDUCAZIONE AMERICANA
a cura di Claudia Bernardi e Alioscia Castronovo
Eric Martin Oltre gli scioperi studenteschi
Dopo la primavera degli aceri in Québec
Bruno Cava Il colore della quota
Il razzismo nelle università brasiliane
Roberto Vargas Università autonoma e lotte sociali
Ultime notizie da Valparaíso
Bachilleratos populares
Pedagogia autogestita a Buenos Aires
Intervista a Natalia Polti
 PERSONAGGI D’ECCEZIONE
a cura del Laboratorio di Semiotica dello IULM
Pierluigi Basso Fossali Effetti di carisma
Nelle fiction di conservazione
Giacomo Festi Eccezion fatta, eccezion ficta
Quando la fiction pare denegare se stessa
Valentina Carrubba Lo specchio di Calibano
Sulle soglie dell’identificazione
 MAURO STACCIOLI
Simona Santini La scultura attraverso l’obiettivo
Alberto Fiz
La geometria deviata del grande costruttore
 POESIA
Andrea Inglese Per una poesia irriconoscibile
Andrea Cortellessa Per riconoscerla: tre connotati
Esempi da Poesia 13
Cantiere aperto di ricerca letteraria
Cetta Petrollo Pagliarani Tre giorni a Rieti
Minicronaca di un evento «memorabile»
Mario Giovenale
Spettri che parlano
Massimiliano Manganelli
EX.IT: contesti aperti
Frammenti da EX.IT
 RI-SITUAZIONISMO
a cura di Ivelise Perniola
Mario Perniola Ciò che è vivo e ciò che è morto
Il paradosso situazionista
Anselm Jappe Lotta nelle strade contro lo spettacolo?
La critica della vita quotidiana, mezzo secolo dopo
Carsten Juhl Dalla critica allo spettacolo al corpo critico
A monte delle Femen e delle Pussy Riot
Laura Rascaroli Ancora alla deriva?
Su alcune pratiche filmiche e locative postsituazioniste
Amalia Verzola Come ripensare la contestazione
«Errata» e Toni Arno a Parigi negli anni Settanta
 GRECIA
Dimitri Deliolanes La guerra dell’informazione
Un colpo di stato mediatico
Vassili Vassilikos No signal
 Gruppo ’63
Andrea Cortellessa Cinquant’anni dopo
Umberto Eco
Ma ti paiono questi i tempi per scrivere un romanzo?
Giorgio Manganelli Sgomberare le macerie
Elio Pagliarani Una mappa di terremoti
Enrico Filippini
Segni divergenti che non convergevano mai
Giulia Niccolai Nella vasta mattina di luce implacabile
Carla Vasio Sì, sono suoni, ma difficili da sentire
50 anni del Gruppo 63
Cartellone delle manifestazioni settembre-novembre 2013
 PAOLO ROSA 1949-2013
Manuela Gandini Le armi dell’arte e della gentilezza
Paolo Fabbri Artista plurale
 GLI ARTISTI DI ALFABETA2
Giovanna Giusti Roberto Barni. Passi d’oro
Andrea Fiore Emilio Isgrò. Modello Italia (2013-1964)
 SEMAFORO
Maria Teresa Carbone
alfaTURK
una rivolta trasversale
Franco La Cecla Una protesta urbana
Turgul Artunkal Democrazia islamica
Alberto Fabio Ambrosio La Turchia come simbolo
Eleonora Castagna Un coro di voci meraviglioso
La potenza della ricerca di libertà: La casa editrice Otonom
Conversazione di Eleonora Castagna con Melis I·nan e Sinem Özer
Sena Besoz Remixtenza
Video virali vs censura mediatica
- See more @ Alfabeta2 website

Picblog: Mauro Staccioli, Rotonda della Besana ’87, Milano, Besanaottanta, 1987 Ferro e cemento, 700 x 2000 x 100 cm. (Foto Enrico Cattaneo). - See more at: http://www.alfabeta2.it/2013/09/12/mauro-staccioli/#sthash.nsLSsIyk.dpuf